{"id":461,"date":"2021-04-09T10:53:37","date_gmt":"2021-04-09T14:53:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/?page_id=461"},"modified":"2025-01-22T09:08:16","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T14:08:16","slug":"mandinka-unit-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/mandinka\/mandinka-unit-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit 1: Dr. Bala Saho"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1035\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-636x424.jpg 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/files\/2023\/09\/Mandinka-Unit-1-Main-Image-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#videos\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Videos<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#community-images\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Community Images<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#pedagogical-activities\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Pedagogical Activities<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\">Metadata<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Title<\/td><td>Conversation with  Bala Saho<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Interviewer<\/td><td>Fallou Ngom<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subject<\/td><td>Mandinka Ajami Literacy, Ajami in Historical Work, Ajami in Health, Mandinka Ajami in Daily Life in The Gambia.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Content<\/td><td>Dr. Bala Saho is Associate Professor of History at the University of Oklahoma. He was born in Badibu Salike\u00f1e in the North Bank Region of The Gambia. He attended both Quranic and English schools in The Gambia. Like many Gambians, he used to attend the English school in the morning and the Quranic school in the evening. Later, he was sent to the Quranic school of Suwaarekunda in Kerewaan to continue his Islamic education. Then, he moved to Banjul, the capital of the country, to attend high school. After he graduated from high school, he worked in the Oral History Division (now called the Center for Arts and Culture) for a number of years before pursuing his studies in the United States. Professor Saho acquired Mandinka literacy skills during his Quranic education. In this video, he discusses many aspects of Mandinka Ajami literacy in The Gambia, including the use of Ajami in public health, in people\u2019s daily lives, and its significance in documenting Gambian history. Dr. Saho also reflects on the importance of oral history and tradition in recording local knowledge, and about the role of proverbs in teaching and educating the youth. He also discusses the enduring role of colonialism that has often adversely affected knowledge production in Africa. Dr. Salo highlights the critical importance of Ajami as a grassroots form of literacy that has for a long time operated parallel to Western-based institutions.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Language<\/td><td>Mandinka<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Script<\/td><td>Mandinka Ajami<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Location<\/td><td>Brusubi, Serrekunda, The Gambia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pedagogical content\/application<\/td><td>Includes relevant linguistic, stylistic and cultural skills as identified in our assessment guidebook\/ ACTFL guidelines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Access condition and copyright<\/td><td>These materials are subject to copyright and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For use, distribution or reproduction beyond these terms, contact Professor Fallou Ngom (fngom@bu.edu).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Contributors<\/td><td>Fallou Ngom, Bala Saho, Ablaye Diakite, Daivi Rodima-Taylor, Mamadou Aw Ndiaye, Ousmane Cisse, Alison Parker, and Frank Antonelli.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Required citation information<\/td><td>Fallou Ngom (PI), Bala Saho, Ablaye Diakite, Daivi Rodima-Taylor, Mamadou Aw Ndiaye, Ousmane Cisse, and other contributors. 2022. \u201cConversation with Bala Saho.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/mandinka\/mandinka-unit-1\/\">https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/mandinka\/mandinka-unit-1\/<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"videos\">Videos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center\">English Interview with Subtitles<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<center><div style=\"max-width:608px\"><div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:66.118421052632%\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kaltura_player\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnapisec.kaltura.com\/p\/2159741\/sp\/215974100\/embedIframeJs\/uiconf_id\/49950923\/partner_id\/2159741?iframeembed=true&amp;playerId=kaltura_player&amp;entry_id=1_mdet4n3s&amp;flashvars[streamerType]=auto&amp;flashvars[localizationCode]=en&amp;flashvars[Kaltura.addCrossoriginToIframe]=true&amp;&amp;wid=1_wpr33ubv\" width=\"608\" height=\"402\" allowfullscreen=\"\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *\" sandbox=\"allow-downloads allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-presentation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" frameborder=\"0\" title=\"RIA Ajami - Mandinka \" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/center>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"community-images\">Community Images<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">(click on the image for a larger view)<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"bu-slideshow-container mandinka-unit-1-community-images autoplay\" id=\"bu-slideshow-container-1704\" data-slideshow-name=\"mandinka-unit-1-community-images\" data-slideshow-delay=\"5000\" style=\"width: auto; \"><div class='slideshow-loader active'><div class='loader-animation'><\/div><p>loading slideshow&#8230;<\/p><\/div><div class=\"bu-slideshow-slides\"><ul class=\"bu-slideshow transition-slide\" id=\"bu-slideshow-1704\"><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_0\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-bottom-right\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-1.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-1-636x477.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-bottom-right\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Mandinka safeerikuloo miiroo ka\u014b, Gunjuur, Kombo (jaame\u014bo \u00f1aatili\u014bo la): Seru\u014b koo samaa foloota Mi\u014b karoo 28; Seru\u014b samaa foloota Mi\u014b karoo 21; \u00f1ina\u014b samaa Mi\u014b karoo 28, Araba lu\u014bo.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nA Mandinka Ajami note on a wall in Gunjur, Kombo (opposite the main mosque): The rainy season started two years ago on May 28; last year it started on May 21; this year on May 28, on a Wednesday. <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_1\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-bottom-center\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-2.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-2-636x332.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-bottom-center\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Gambiyaa la Kodi-bu\u014b-baa, Dalasi kili\u014b kayitoo.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nCentral Bank of The Gambia, 1 Dalasi bill. Courtesy of Mustapha Kurfi.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_2\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-bottom-right\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-3.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-3-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-bottom-right\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Bala Saho la koridaa mi\u014b be Burusubi, Seerekundaa, Gambiyaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nBala Saho\u2019s house located in Brusubi, Serrekunda, The Gambia.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_3\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-bottom-left\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-4.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-4-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-bottom-left\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Gambiyaa bankoo la Kara\u014b-bu\u014b-baa, kitaaboolu-kara\u014b-dulaa, Kaanifi\u014b.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nThe University of The Gambia, main Library, Kanifing.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_4\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-top-right\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-5.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-5-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-top-right\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Muhammadu Ja jaame\u014bo Bakaaw katadanfu-bu\u014bo daala.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nMuhammad Jah Mosque by the Bakau Stadium.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_5\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-top-left\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-6.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-6-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-top-left\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Bertil Herding Sila-baa, Banjuuluu, Gambiyaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nBertil Herding Highway, Banjul, The Gambia.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_6\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-top-left\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-7.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-7-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-top-left\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Bertil Herding Sila-baa, Banjuulu, Gambiyaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nBertil Herding Highway, Banjul, The Gambia.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_7\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-bottom-right\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-8.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-8-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-bottom-right\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Landi\u014b Caam be ataaya mi\u014bo la kisi-kisiroo tumoo minna Bala la suwoo kono. Burusubi, Seerekundaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nLanding Cham drinking tea during the fieldwork in Bala\u2019s home, Brusubi, Serrekunda.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_8\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-top-left\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-9.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-9-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-top-left\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Bertil Herding Sila-baa, Banjuuluu, Gambiyaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nBertil Herding Highway, Banjul, The Gambia.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><li id=\"bu-slideshow-1704_9\" class=\"slide \"><div class=\"bu-slide-container slide-caption-top-right\"><a href=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-10.jpg\"><img src=\"\/ria\/files\/2024\/07\/Mandinka-1-Image-10-scaled-636x424.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><div class=\"bu-slide-caption caption-top-right\"><p class=\"bu-slide-caption-text\"><i>Bertil Herding Sila-baa, Banjuuluu, Gambiyaa.<\/i>\r\n||\r\nBertil Herding Highway, Banjul, The Gambia.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"bu-slideshow-navigation-container\"><ul class=\"bu-slideshow-navigation nav-number\" id=\"bu-slideshow-nav-1704\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-1\" class=\" active\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-2\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>2<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-3\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>3<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-4\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>4<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-5\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>5<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-6\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>6<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-7\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>7<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-8\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>8<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-9\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>9<\/span><\/a><\/li> <li><a href=\"#\" id=\"pager-10\" class=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>10<\/span><\/a><\/li> <\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center\" id=\"pedagogical-activities\">Pedagogical Activities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#glossary\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Glossary<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#notes\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Notes<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"#exercises\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\">Exercises<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/mandinka\/mandinka-keyboard\/\" style=\"background-color:#b76e8b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mandinka Keyboard<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 id=\"glossary\">Glossary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong><strong>Aadoolu: <\/strong><\/strong>Cultures, customs, traditions (singular <em>laadoo<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>Ataaya mi\u014bo: <\/strong>Drinking tea<\/li><li><strong>Ataaya, ataayoo: <\/strong>Hot green tea from China which is popular in West Africa<\/li><li><strong>Baa ndi\u014bo or baari\u014bo:<\/strong> Young, young goat<\/li><li><strong>Bii:<\/strong> Today<\/li><li><strong>Boyi:<\/strong> To fall, rain<\/li><li><strong>Bu\u014bo: <\/strong>Building, house<\/li><li><strong>Daa: <\/strong>Mouth, entrance<\/li><li><strong>Diyaata: <\/strong>Tasty, sweet, delicious, easy<\/li><li><strong>Fo: <\/strong>To say, tell<\/li><li><strong>Gambiyaa la Kodi-bu\u014b-baa<\/strong><em><strong>:<\/strong><\/em> Central Bank of The Gambia<\/li><li><strong>Jaatoo:<\/strong> Bitter tomato, when used in medicine<\/li><li><strong>Jumaalu: <\/strong>Plural form of who, which&nbsp; (singular <em>jumaa<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>Ka a \u00f1ininkaa:<\/strong> To ask someone<\/li><li><strong>Ka a sene:<\/strong> To plant something, grow, cultivate, plough something<\/li><li><strong>Ka a yitandi, yiitandi:<\/strong> To show something, highlight, inform, exhibit something<\/li><li><strong>Ka a ke: <\/strong>To place, do, happen, spend time<\/li><li><strong>Ka loo:<\/strong> To stand, build, erect<\/li><li><strong>Kaawakuyaata: <\/strong>Astonishing, mysterious, weird<\/li><li><strong>Ka\u014bo:<\/strong> Neck, voice, language, pledge<\/li><li><strong>Karandirilaa: <\/strong>Teacher, tutor, trainer<\/li><li><strong>Kibaari-taamansee: <\/strong>Billboard, advertisement sign, information sign &nbsp;<\/li><li><strong>Kibaaridiilaa:<\/strong> Journalist, communicator, lecturer, reporter<\/li><li><strong>Kisi-kisiroo, kisikisiroo: <\/strong>Research, investigation, inquiry<\/li><li><strong>Kodi, kodoo:<\/strong> Currency, money, silver<\/li><li><strong>Kompiyutoo safeerila\u014bo, oridinatooru safeerila\u014bo:<\/strong> Computer keyboard<\/li><li><strong>Kooma: <\/strong>Behind, back, rear<\/li><li><strong>Koridaalu: <\/strong>Houses, buildings, households, compounds (singular <em>koridaa<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>Kummaayaata: <\/strong>Important, pivotal, necessary, prominent<\/li><li><strong>Kuntii, kuntiyo:<\/strong> Leader, authority, head, chief<\/li><li><strong>Kuwo: <\/strong>Thing, affair, business<\/li><li><strong>Loori\u014b: <\/strong>Standing, built, erected<\/li><li><strong>Manoo: <\/strong>Paved road, tarred road, tar<\/li><li><strong>Moo:<\/strong> Human being<\/li><li><strong>Mooroo:<\/strong> Religious leader, diviner, healer<\/li><li><strong>Moto koyoolu: <\/strong>White cars<\/li><li><strong>Motoo, wotoo:<\/strong> Car, truck, motor bike<\/li><li><strong>Motoolu taa\u00f1aa: <\/strong>Movement of the cars, traffic<\/li><li><strong>Musoolu: <\/strong>Women, wives (singular <em>musu <\/em>or <em>musoo<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>Naataaloo:<\/strong> Image, photograph, picture<\/li><li><strong>Nafaa: <\/strong>Importance, benefit, advantage, value<\/li><li><strong>\u00d1imiroo: <\/strong>Chewing (from the verb <em>\u00f1imi<\/em>, to chew)<\/li><li><strong>Saatee:<\/strong> Town, village, city, area<\/li><li><strong>Safeeri-kuloolu:<\/strong> Letters of alphabets and scripts<\/li><li><strong>Safeeroolu: <\/strong>Writings, texts (singular <em>safeeroo<\/em>)<\/li><li><strong>Saloo kee\u00f1aa: <\/strong>Manner or way of praying, how to pray<\/li><li><strong>Saloo:<\/strong> Prayer<\/li><li><strong>Samaa: <\/strong>Rain<\/li><li><strong>Senelaa:<\/strong> Farmer<\/li><li><strong>Sila-baa: <\/strong>Major road, highway, main road<\/li><li><strong>Sila-fatoo: <\/strong>Roadside<\/li><li><strong>Sila, siloo:<\/strong> Road, street, way, rule, direction, path<\/li><li><strong>Siloo laa\u00f1aa: <\/strong>Road condition<\/li><li><strong>Suwo: <\/strong>Home<\/li><li><strong>Taamansee, taamanseeroo:<\/strong> Mark, sign, symbol, description, sample, clue<\/li><li><strong>Tili, tiloo:<\/strong> The sun, day<\/li><li><strong>Too: <\/strong>Name<\/li><li><strong>Tuccoo:<\/strong> Crackling, smashing, breaking<\/li><li><strong>Yiri-juwoo: <\/strong>Tree trunk<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"notes\">Notes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Kunta Kinteh or Kunta Kinte: <\/strong>Name of a Gambian slave that Alex Haley claimed as his ancestor in his popular 1976 novel, <em>Roots: The Saga of an American Family<\/em>.<\/li><li><strong>Kuwo do sutuyaata daa la, wo ma\u014b \u00f1anna fo la: <\/strong>\u201cThere are some things closer to the mouth that should not be said,\u201d a proverb that teaches loyalty and the importance of keeping secrets.<\/li><li><strong>Ni\u014b tuccoo diyaata i ye, i ka jaatoo le sene:<\/strong> \u201cIf you like the crackling [of seeds in your mouth], you must grow bitter tomatoes,\u201d a<strong> <\/strong>proverb that teaches work ethic for success in life. It suggests that if one desires a good life, one must work hard to be able to afford it. The crackling of the bitter tomato seeds is a metaphor for the good life that one desires, and the growing of the fruits represents the hard work a successful life requires.<\/li><li><strong>Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara:<\/strong> First president of The Gambia, who served from 1970 to 1996.<\/li><li><strong>Taba jamboo warata baari\u014bo la \u00f1imiroo ti le:<\/strong> \u201cThe leaf of a kapok tree is too big for a little goat\u2019s mouth.\u201d&nbsp;This proverb emphasizes the importance of keeping secrets from immature or young people. The kapok tree leaf represents the secret and the little goat represents the immature or young person.<\/li><li><strong>Yahya Jammeh:<\/strong> Former president of The Gambia, who served from 1994 to 2017.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"exercises\">Exercises:<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-very-dark-gray-color has-text-color\"><a href=\"#comprehension\">Comprehension<\/a> || <a href=\"#writing\">Writing<\/a> || <a href=\"#listening-speaking\">Listening \/ Speaking and Conversation<\/a> || <a href=\"#cultural-competence\">Cultural Competence<\/a> <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"comprehension\">Comprehension: Video<\/h4>\n\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_539602df45514a6fa791e828bf110d61\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_ac569ca764e846b1b2dfb72514b62226\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_6e58597dc17e4e8d8cfcb0d0f92fd280\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_b15e58bcf32c4d07be87f7d19740aa09\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_bda781a6520d4f6097ffe18e3e112885\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_99e14e8562044a8a98ba2494b29b82c9\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<h4>Comprehension: Image<\/h4>\n\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_2e0b21ab847746da9dbab2f02b35b744\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_9f53d1bcaa4247dd845644d08daac750\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" id=\"wider-question\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\"><div id=\"bulb_question_ebf1e084ba944922ad467725fe9b7113\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_3a07f782dd7c44aabede82a17ae4f28c\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_a1b74e49f9dc42feb5294296ab036f88\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_9fcb079f4d18420182b8412d4987a419\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_f24803a3a40d4708ae753acb282da705\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_58e95578bbf74df6ba2e277725236f62\" class=\"bulb-question\" style=\"background-color:;color:;font-size:px;\"><\/div>\n\n<div id=\"bulb_question_3918421f1fe247f790a3c324a138158e\" class=\"bulb-question\" 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enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_18'  action='\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/461' data-formid='18' >\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_18' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below'><fieldset id=\"field_18_4\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-name gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_4\"><legend class='gfield_label gform-field-label gfield_label_before_complex'  >Name<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/legend><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_18_4'>Please enter the name that should be associated with your answers.<\/div><div class='ginput_complex ginput_container ginput_container--name no_prefix has_first_name no_middle_name has_last_name no_suffix gf_name_has_2 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'>Last<\/label>\n                                                <\/span>\n                            \n                        <\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_18_2\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--width-full gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_2\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_2' >Email<span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_text\">(Required)<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_18_2'>Please enter the email address to which you'd like your responses sent. Please notify the recipient(s) that you have submitted these exercises, as the submission could go to their spam folder.<\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_2' id='input_18_2' type='text' value='' class='large'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"gfield_description_18_2\" \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_5\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-email gfield--width-full field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_above gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_5\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_5' >Additional Email<\/label><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_18_5'>[If you'd like your responses sent to another email address as well, please enter it here.]<\/div><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_5' id='input_18_5' type='text' value='' class='large'     aria-invalid=\"false\" aria-describedby=\"gfield_description_18_5\" \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_26\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-html gfield--width-full gfield_html gfield_html_formatted field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_26\">For exercises 1-6 below, open the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/mandinka\/mandinka-keyboard\/\">Mandinka Ajami keyboard<\/a>, type text, and copy-paste it into the box.<\/div><div id=\"field_18_20\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_20\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_20' >1. Widewoo juubee ka bo simili 1 fo 2. Ni\u014b i ye bandii, a safee i ye mu\u014b bee lamoyi ani\u014b Mandinka safeeri-kuloolu la. I saa safee noo kompiyutoo safeerila\u014bo la, ni\u014b i lafita.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_20' id='input_18_20' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_21\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_21\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_21' >2. I miira i ye kaccaa-kuma kili\u014b tombo\u014b widewoo kono. Misaali fee, i saa safee noo: 1) Ite fee, kuwo mu\u014b ye nafaa soto a to. 2) Mune kaawakuyaata wo kaccaa-kumoo kunna. 3) I lafita mune se koyindi i ma wo to.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_21' id='input_18_21' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_22\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_22\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_22' >3. \u00d1ininkaaroolu safee widewoo la kaccaa-kuma kili\u014b kunna. Ni\u014b i ye i bandii, a kara\u014b i kafu\u00f1oolu \u00f1aato. I saa safee noo kompiyutoo safeerila\u014bo la, ni\u014b i lafita.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_22' id='input_18_22' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_23\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_23\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_23' >4. \u00d1ininkaari luulu safee Mandinka safeeri-kuloolu la widewoo ye kaccaa-kuma-ka\u014boolu minulu yitandi kunna. Ni\u014b i ye i bandii, i yaa dii i kafu\u00f1oolu la. Itelu fana\u014b i se ila \u00f1ininkaaroolu jaabi. I saa safee ani\u014b Mandinka safeeri-kuloolu la.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_23' id='input_18_23' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_24\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_24\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_24' >5. Kuma sutu\u014b safee Mandinka safeeri-kuloolu la \u00f1i\u014b widewoo kaccaa-kuma-ka\u014boolu kunna.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_24' id='input_18_24' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_25\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-textarea field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_25\"><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_18_25' >6. Naataali kili\u014b tombo\u014b. Ni\u014b i ye i bandii, i saa fo a ye mune kummaayandi ani\u014b a ye mune yitandi. A safee ani\u014b Mandinka safeeri-kuloolu la.<\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_textarea'><textarea name='input_25' id='input_18_25' class='textarea small'      aria-invalid=\"false\"   rows='10' cols='50'><\/textarea><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_18_27\"  class=\"gfield gfield--type-html gfield--width-full gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  data-js-reload=\"field_18_27\"><i>Disclaimer: By completing these online exercises, I agree to share my name and contact information with the email recipient(s) I have indicated. Boston University takes no responsibility for the use of the submitted information. 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He was born in Badibu Salike\u00f1e in the North Bank Region of The Gambia. He attended both Quranic and English [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12660,"featured_media":0,"parent":33,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/461"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12660"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=461"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2029,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/461\/revisions\/2029"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}