{"id":395,"date":"2018-06-19T23:47:33","date_gmt":"2018-06-20T03:47:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/?page_id=395"},"modified":"2018-06-21T14:34:30","modified_gmt":"2018-06-21T18:34:30","slug":"sensitivity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/sensitivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Sensitivity"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Sensitivity<\/h1>\n<p>Due to the impressive capabilities of the GBT instrumentation, RAMPS data have relatively good sensitivity. Shown below are histograms of the root-mean-square (rms) noise for each NH<sub>3<\/sub>(1,1), NH<sub>3<\/sub>(2,2), and H<sub>2<\/sub>O spectrum in the pilot survey. The mean (\u00b5) and standard deviation (\u03c3) of each noise distribution is given, with the mean also indicated by a magenta line. The rms for the NH<sub>3<\/sub> data (~0.16 K for 0.2 km\/s channel width) is much lower than that of the H<sub>2<\/sub>O data (~0.4 K for 0.14 km\/s channel width) because we observe NH<sub>3<\/sub> with all seven receivers and H<sub>2<\/sub>O with only one. Although the noise distributions show evidence of spectra with large rms values, these generally occur at the edges of maps or in spectra with significant residual baselines and neither of these populations constitute a large portion of the dataset.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/noise_hists.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/noise_hists-636x318.png\" alt=\"noise_hists\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-396 aligncenter\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/noise_hists-636x318.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/noise_hists-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/noise_hists-1024x512.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>HOPS, a previous large NH<sub>3<\/sub> survey, observed 100 square degrees of the Galactic plane and catalogued hundreds of molecular clumps. Below we show a comparison between RAMPS and HOPS NH<sub>3<\/sub>(1,1) integrated intensity maps of the same field. The beam size of the surveys are shown in the lower left of each map. Because the GBT dish is approximately five times larger than that of Mopra, the GBT beam size is smaller by the same factor. This gives RAMPS superior angular resolution, while both surveys have similar noise distributions for the NH<sub>3<\/sub> data. Good sensitivity and angular resolution allows us to resolve many of the molecular clumps observed by HOPS, while also detecting fainter clumps that were beam diluted in the HOPS data. Hence, even though we will survey a much smaller area than HOPS, we still expect to detect a statistically significant sample of molecular clumps.<\/p>\n<p title=\"\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison.png\" alt=\"L23-24_HOPS_comparison\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-449 size-full\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison.png 1400w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison-636x454.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison-768x549.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_HOPS_comparison-1024x731.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Below we show the NH<sub>3<\/sub>(1,1), NH<sub>3<\/sub>(2,2), and H<sub>2<\/sub>O noise maps for the pilot survey. Because we observed adjacent tiles in different weather conditions and at different elevations, there are sometimes discontinuities in the data quality across a 1\u02da field. Fortunately, the majority of clumps are small enough to be contained within a single tile. There are also variations in the noise within tiles due to changing weather conditions, combining partial observations of a single tile, and to our scanning strategy, which produces small noise jumps in the Galactic latitude direction. Thus, analysis of this dataset should take into account the uneven noise characteristics.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L10<\/h1>\n<p title=\"\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_1-1_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_1-1_rms-636x433.png\" alt=\"L10_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-245 aligncenter\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_1-1_rms-636x433.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_1-1_rms-768x523.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_1-1_rms.png 806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_2-2_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_2-2_rms-636x433.png\" alt=\"L10_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-247 aligncenter\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_2-2_rms-636x433.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_2-2_rms-768x523.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_NH3_2-2_rms.png 806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_H2O_rms-636x429.png\" alt=\"L10_H2O_rms\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-242 aligncenter\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_H2O_rms-636x429.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_H2O_rms-768x518.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L10_H2O_rms.png 801w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L23-24<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms-636x256.png\" alt=\"L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-257\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms-636x256.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms-1024x413.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_1-1_rms.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms-636x256.png\" alt=\"L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-259\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms-636x256.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms-1024x413.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_NH3_2-2_rms.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms-636x256.png\" alt=\"L23-24_H2O_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-254\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms-636x256.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms-768x309.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms-1024x412.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L23-24_H2O_rms.png 1672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L28-31<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms-636x149.png\" alt=\"L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-269\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms-636x149.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms-768x179.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_1-1_rms-1024x239.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms-636x149.png\" alt=\"L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-271\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms-636x149.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms-768x179.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_NH3_2-2_rms-1024x239.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_H2O_rms-636x149.png\" alt=\"L28-31_H2O_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-266\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_H2O_rms-636x149.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_H2O_rms-768x179.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L28-31_H2O_rms-1024x239.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L38<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_1-1_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_1-1_rms-636x267.png\" alt=\"L38_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-281\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_1-1_rms-636x267.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_1-1_rms-768x322.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_1-1_rms.png 886w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_2-2_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_2-2_rms-636x267.png\" alt=\"L38_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-283\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_2-2_rms-636x267.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_2-2_rms-768x322.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_NH3_2-2_rms.png 886w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_H2O_rms-636x266.png\" alt=\"L38_H2O_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-278\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_H2O_rms-636x266.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_H2O_rms-768x321.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L38_H2O_rms.png 891w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L45<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_1-1_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_1-1_rms-636x419.png\" alt=\"L45_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-293\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_1-1_rms-636x419.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_1-1_rms-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_1-1_rms.png 787w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_2-2_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_2-2_rms-636x419.png\" alt=\"L45_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-295\" width=\"636\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_2-2_rms-636x419.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_2-2_rms-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_NH3_2-2_rms.png 787w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_H2O_rms-636x414.png\" alt=\"L45_H2O_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-290\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_H2O_rms-636x414.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_H2O_rms-768x500.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L45_H2O_rms.png 778w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">L47<\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms-636x203.png\" alt=\"L47_NH3_1-1_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-304\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms-636x203.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms-768x245.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms-1024x327.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_1-1_rms.png 1172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms-636x203.png\" alt=\"L47_NH3_2-2_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-306\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms-636x203.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms-768x245.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms-1024x327.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_NH3_2-2_rms.png 1172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms.png\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms-636x200.png\" alt=\"L47_H2O_rms\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-301\" title=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms-636x200.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms-768x241.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms-1024x322.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/files\/2018\/06\/L47_H2O_rms.png 1172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/a><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sensitivity Due to the impressive capabilities of the GBT instrumentation, RAMPS data have relatively good sensitivity. Shown below are histograms of the root-mean-square (rms) noise for each NH3(1,1), NH3(2,2), and H2O spectrum in the pilot survey. The mean (\u00b5) and standard deviation (\u03c3) of each noise distribution is given, with the mean also indicated by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11531,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/no-sidebars.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/395"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11531"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=395"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/395\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":450,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/395\/revisions\/450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ramps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}