{"id":1830,"date":"2011-02-25T10:15:19","date_gmt":"2011-02-25T14:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.bu.edu\/ombs\/?p=1830"},"modified":"2011-02-25T10:15:19","modified_gmt":"2011-02-25T14:15:19","slug":"neural-feedback-smiling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/2011\/02\/25\/neural-feedback-smiling\/","title":{"rendered":"Neural Feedback: Smiling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"st_twitter_large\"><\/span><span class=\"st_facebook_large\"><\/span><span class=\"st_ybuzz_large\"><\/span><span class=\"st_gbuzz_large\"><\/span><span class=\"st_email_large\"><\/span><span class=\"st_sharethis_large\"><\/span><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"http:\/\/w.sharethis.com\/button\/buttons.js\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\">stLight.options({publisher:'0b9142ea-42f7-4b62-947d-dd7654ef4f2d'});<\/script><\/p>\n<p>In Justin Bieber\u2019s 2010 smash hit \u2018U Smile\u2019 he addresses the idea that when \u201cYou smile I smile\u201d, obviously deriving his inspiration from recent work by V.S. Ramachandran on the human mirror neuron system. Over 50 years before Justin Bieber&#8217;s efforts to bring Ramachandran\u2019s research to the forefront of the media, Dale Carnegie noted in his 1936 masterpiece,\u00a0<em>How To Win Friends And Influence People,<\/em> the undeniable positive effects of smiling on the people around you. Carnegie goes on to explain how smiling can actually have a positive affect on the smiler as well. He notes a passage written by the great psychologist William James: <!--more--><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Action seems to follow feeling, but really action and feeling go<br \/>\ntogether; and by regulating the action, which is under the more<br \/>\ndirect control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which<br \/>\nis not.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The idea of positive feedback in biological systems was first outlined fully by Norbert Wiener in 1948 during his extensive work in cybernetics. Simply, the process can be described as &#8220;A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A.\u201d Most of us would agree that as we experience more positive emotion we tend to smile more. The type of smiling that is caused by positive emotion is real smiling, or Duchenne smiling. This Duchenne smiling uses mouth and eye muscles and can be contrasted to \u201cfake\u201d smiling, where only the mouth muscles are active. That being said, from the logical sequence above if we describe A as \u201cpositive emotion\u201d and B as \u201cDuchenne smiling\u201d we can see that as we feel more positive emotions we tend to smile more, which in turn makes us happier, thus restarting the circuit described by William James and Dale Carnegie.<br \/>\nSince there are two forms of smiling, one \u201cfake\u201d form where only the mouth muscles are activated and one \u201creal\u201d or \u201cDuchenne\u201d form where the eye muscles are also activated, is it the activation of the eye muscles that causes the positive feedback to the brain? In that case, are we happier on sunny days, as we have to squint to compensate for the amount of light? This idea that the eye muscles are the key to the feedback circuit could then be drawn out into multiple other hypotheses: Is it possible that people with poor vision enjoy reading more simply because they have to squint leading to the \u201cglasses equals nerd\u201d stereotype? When we are focused on some sort of game, do we squint merely to evoke more positive emotion?<br \/>\nFor the past couple of weeks, upon finding myself dozing off in class or simply uninterested in what is being discussed on the blackboard, I have just squinted while trying to understand what is being explained. To be honest, it does help with both emotion and concentration. Maybe it&#8217;s worth a try? And if your \u201cfirst love broke your heart for the first time\u201d as in the case of pop god Justin Bieber, try giving a genuine Duchenne smile. Everyone knows that a good short-circuiting of the body\u2019s pleasure system is fun once in a while.<\/p>\n<p>Additional Reading:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/erudition.mohit.tripod.com\/_Influence_People.pdf\">How To Win Friends and Influence People<\/a> &#8211; Dale Carnegie<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/lang\/eng\/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization.html\">V.S. Ramachandran on Mirror Neurons<\/a> &#8211; Ted.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Justin Bieber\u2019s 2010 smash hit \u2018U Smile\u2019 he addresses the idea that when \u201cYou smile I smile\u201d, obviously deriving his inspiration from recent work by V.S. Ramachandran on the human mirror neuron system. Over 50 years before Justin Bieber&#8217;s efforts to bring Ramachandran\u2019s research to the forefront of the media, Dale Carnegie noted in his 1936<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7083,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[733,758,868,1076],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7083"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1830\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/ombs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}