{"id":891,"date":"2020-10-02T15:41:04","date_gmt":"2020-10-02T19:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/?page_id=891"},"modified":"2020-10-02T15:44:03","modified_gmt":"2020-10-02T19:44:03","slug":"types-of-vaccines-infographics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/projects\/science-communication\/types-of-vaccines-infographics\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of Vaccines Infographics"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Nikitha Ramesh<br \/>\n<\/em><em>Mentor: Dr. Ellie Murray<\/em><\/p>\n<p>A set of infographics to explain the basics of immune response by the body and the different kinds of vaccines that are being developed around the world to fight against the corona pandemic work. The vaccine type infographic places the vaccine types side-by-side to highlight how they are similar and how they differ. Also included is a glossary of terms document to compliment both the immune response and vaccine types infographics.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#immune-sys\">Basics of the immune response<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#types-vaccines\">Types of vaccines<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#glossary\">Glossary of terms<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"immune-sys\">Basics of the human immune response<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"2166\" class=\"wp-image-895 aligncenter\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final.png 1350w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final-191x636.png 191w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final-307x1024.png 307w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final-768x2560.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Immune-response-final-461x1536.png 461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><span class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Infographic details<\/span><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>Image: Disease-causing virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Virus enters body replicates inside the cells<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Image: Helper CD4+ T-cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Recognize the antigen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cell mediated immunity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Image: Cytotoxic or \u201ckiller\u201d CD8+ T-cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Produce and release cytotoxins, which kill infected cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Image: Infected cell<\/p>\n<p>Image: Destroyed infected cell<\/p>\n<p>Antibody Mediated immunity<\/p>\n<p>Image: B cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Produce antibodies, which can neutralize virus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Image: Antibodies<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antibodies attacking virus in the cell.<\/p>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"types-vaccines\">Types of vaccines<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccines.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"4350\" height=\"3600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-896\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final.png 4350w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final-636x526.png 636w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final-1024x847.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final-768x636.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final-1536x1271.png 1536w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Types-of-vaccine-final-2048x1695.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4350px) 100vw, 4350px\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"bu_collapsible_container \" aria-live=\"polite\" data-customize-animation=\"false\"><span class=\"bu_collapsible\" aria-expanded=\"false\"tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">Infographic details<\/span><div class=\"bu_collapsible_section\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/p>\n<p>1. Live Attenuated Vaccines<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines contain live virus particles that have been weakened to keep them from causing disease. They create a strong immune response. Some attenuated vaccines might not be suitable for people with compromised immune systems.<\/p>\n<p>Image: Disease-causing virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Weakened virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MMR (Measles\/mumps\/rubella)<\/li>\n<li>Chickenpox<\/li>\n<li>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/li>\n<li>Codagenix; Indian Immunologicals Ltd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2. Inactivated Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines contain whole virus particles, that have been killed or inactivated to keep<br \/>\nthem from causing disease. They are safer as the virus is already dead. Inactivated vaccines<br \/>\nrequire booster doses as the immunity conferred by these vaccines is weaker than live vaccines.<\/p>\n<p>Image: Disease-causing virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Dead\/Killed virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Polio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sinovac<\/li>\n<li>Sinopharma<\/li>\n<li>Bharat Biotech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Replicating Viral Vector Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines use low-pathogenic viruses, which are largely harmless, and alter them into viral vectors that will produce some of the same proteins as the disease-causing virus. This creates a strong immune response but may not work for people who are already immune to the low pathogenic virus.<\/p>\n<p>Image: Disease-causing virus + Low &#8211; pathogenic virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Viral vector encoding target antigen<\/p>\n<p>Image: The virus replicates inside the body<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Used in veterinary medicine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Themis Bioscience<\/li>\n<li>University of Pittsburg<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>4. Non-Replicating Viral Vector Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines are similar to replicating viral vector vaccines except that they cannot replicate inside the body as the key viral replication genes is deleted from the low pathogenic vector virus. Improved efficacy and safety but require high doses to confer immunity.<\/p>\n<p>Image: Disease-causing virus + Low &#8211; pathogenic virus<\/p>\n<p>Image: Viral vector encoding target antigen<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ebola<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>University of Oxford and &amp; AstraZeneca<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5. DNA Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines use DNA plasmids containing a gene for SARSCoV-2 along with additional genetic elements that will produce some of the same antigenic proteins as the disease-causing virus. They are easy to develop and produce. There is no risk of infection but there is a possibility that the immune system does not fight against the antigen (tolerance to the antigen).<\/p>\n<p>Image: DNA Plasmid with gene for SARS-CoV2 antigen<\/p>\n<p>Image: DNA to mRNA to Antigen (protein) within a cell<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No currently available human DNA vaccines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inovio<\/li>\n<li>Genexine<\/li>\n<li>Zydus cadila<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>6. RNA Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines use a piece of messenger RNA (mRNA) that will produce some of the same antigenic proteins as the disease-causing virus. Risk of being integrated to the host genome is averted but, sometimes the RNA molecules may trigger an unintended immune response in the body.<\/p>\n<p>Image: Lipid Delivery Vehicle with mRNA<\/p>\n<p>Image: mRNA to Self-Replication to Antigen (protein)<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No currently available human RNA vaccines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moderna<\/li>\n<li>CureVac<\/li>\n<li>Pfizer<\/li>\n<li>BioNTech<\/li>\n<li>Fosun Pharma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>7. Subunit Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>These vaccines use antigenic protein from the disease-causing virus without any genetic material. They are relatively safer as there is no genetic material and they cannot replicate inside the body. They focus the immune response on the most important part of the virus for protection. These vaccines require multiple doses for long term immunity. They require adjuvants which are ingredients that help create a stronger immune response.<\/p>\n<p>Image: SARSCoV-2 antigen and adjuvants<\/p>\n<p>Image: Vaccine<\/p>\n<p>Image: Antigen-presenting cells<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take antigens from the infecting viruses and present them to immune cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Immune Response and Memory<\/p>\n<p>Currently used in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HPV (Human Papilloma virus)<\/li>\n<li>Pertussis<\/li>\n<li>Hepatitis B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>COVID vaccines in the pipeline:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Novavax<\/li>\n<li>AdaptVac<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"glossary\">Glossary of terms<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"1589\" class=\"wp-image-893 aligncenter\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary.png 1350w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary-260x636.png 260w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary-419x1024.png 419w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary-768x1877.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary-628x1536.png 628w, https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/files\/2020\/10\/Glossary-838x2048.png 838w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nikitha Ramesh Mentor: Dr. Ellie Murray A set of infographics to explain the basics of immune response by the body and the different kinds of vaccines that are being developed around the world to fight against the corona pandemic work. The vaccine type infographic places the vaccine types side-by-side to highlight how they are similar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17940,"featured_media":0,"parent":771,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/no-sidebars.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/891"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17940"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=891"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/891\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":911,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/891\/revisions\/911"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bu.edu\/covid-corps\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}